Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery system with 0, 8, or 36 mg/mL liquid nicotine versus a cigarette substitute on tobacco-related toxicant exposure: a four-arm, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial

RCT (n=520) found use of high-nicotine (36mg/mL) e-cigarettes with cigarette-like nicotine delivery can reduce exposure to major pulmonary carcinogen, NNAL, even with concurrent smoking (total NNAL at 24wks:210.80 vs. 346.09pg/mg creatinine in cigarette substitute group;p=0·0061)

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine