ADVANCE-ON was a post-trial follow-up study involving all surviving patients from the ADVANCE trial (n= 8494; approximately 80% of ADVANCE participants). which assessed the effects of routine blood-pressure lowering and intensive glucose control in a patients with type 2 diabetes. After a ten year follow up (including the in-trial period and the post-trial follow-up), in patients assigned to perindopril–indapamide therapy, there was a significant but attenuated cumulative benefit with respect to the incidence of death from any cause that extended to the end of the overall follow-up period (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.99; P=0.03) — a finding consistent with the in-trial finding of a significant risk reduction of 14% in the rate of death from any cause among patients assigned to perindopril–indapamide therapy (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.98; P=0.03). In contrast, no significant benefits with respect to mortality, macrovascular events, or microvascular events were observed in the glucose-lowering cohort. The UKPDS trial demonstrated long-term beneficial effects of earlier periods of intensive glucose control with respect to macrovascular events and death. Compared to these studies, ADVANCE participants were older, with more established type 2 disease, lower baseline blood glucose levels, and shorter follow up period which may have been insufficient for benefits to emerge. Overall, these results emphasize the importance of continuing blood-pressure–lowering medications if the benefits of treatment are to be fully realized, especially with the gradual attenuation of benefits over time. NICE (CG87; 2009) provides guidance on the monitoring of glucose, lipid (blood cholesterol and fat) and blood pressure levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and these results support the recommendations.