In a related editorial, authors note that the mechanism by which naloxone reduced emergency department (ED) visits needs clarification. They postulate that “The educational component of the intervention may have reduced ED visits by altering risk behaviours, thus preventing overdoses in the first place. Alternatively, having naloxone available may have prevented the need for an ED visit when an overdose did occur. Receiving a naloxone rescue kit may have served as tangible reinforcement of overdose prevention messages, though this warrants further study”.